区块链的基本架构

📝 Scaling of blockchains:

ExecutionLayer: When scaling the execution layer, the main problem to solve is how to achieve more computations per second without substantially increasing the hardware requirements on individual full nodes that validate the transactions in blocks.
StorageLayer: When scaling the storage layer, the main problem to solve is how to allow blockchains to process and validate more data without increasing storage requirements for full nodes.
ConsensusLayer: When scaling the consensus layer, the main problem to solve is how to reach finality faster, cheaper, and with more trust minimization—all in a predictable, stable, and accurate manner.

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一、六层层级结构

Layer	What it does	Components
Application	Hosts applications that interact with the blockchain.	Smart Contract, User Interface, Decentralized Applications
Services & Optional Components	Enhances the functionality of the blockchain with additional services.	Governance/DAOs, Oracles, Wallets, Blockchain Monitor
Protocol/Consensus	Defines and regulates how nodes in a blockchain come into agreement.	Consensus, Sidechains, Permissioned and Permissionless, Propagation Protocol, Virtual Machines
Network	Facilitates effective discovery and interaction among nodes.	Communication Mechanisms, Trusted Execution Environments, Recursive Length Prefix
Data	Caters for the creation, management, and encryption of data.	Digital Signatures, Hash, Merkle Tree, Data Blocks, Asymmetric Encryption, Storage
Hardware/Infrastructure	Provides the physical resources needed to host a blockchain.	Mining, Nodes, Tokens, Servers

1.1 应用层

Layer	What it does	Components
Application	Hosts applications that interact with the blockchain.	Smart Contract, User Interface, Decentralized Applications

智能合约、链码（Hyperledger生态）和去中心化应用程序（DApp）构成了应用层，应用层包括最终用户用来与区块链网络通信的程序，脚本、应用程序编程接口 (API)、用户界面和框架都是其中的一部分。

**应用层协议进一步细分为应用层和执行层。**区块链网络充当这些应用程序的后端技术，它们通过 API 与其进行通信。智能合约、底层规则和链码都是执行层的一部分。虽然交易从应用层转移到执行层，但它是在语义层（semantic layer）验证和执行的。应用程序向执行层发出指令，执行层执行交易并确保区块链的确定性。

1.2 服务和可选组件层

服务层通过附加功能增强区块链功能。

Layer	What it does	Components
Services & Optional Components	Enhances the functionality of the blockchain with additional services.	Governance/DAOs, Oracles, Wallets, Blockchain Monitor

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服务层创建 Web3 互连，消除障碍并实现顺畅的交互。可选元素包括去中心化自治组织（DAO）； Arbitrum 和 Polygon 的社区和委员会；预言机连接链上链下数据；热钱包存储链上资产并充当访问点，例如 Metamask；区块浏览器跟踪链的健康状况，帮助检测技术故障和安全漏洞并尽早缓解问题。